Past Events 2018
SSUフォーラム / GraSPPリサーチセミナー:
Mr. David E. Sanger
(National security correspondent and senior writer of The New York Times） [2019.3.19]
| 日時: | 2019年3月19日（火）16:00–17:30 |
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| 場所: | 国際学術総合研究棟4F SMBCアカデミアホール |
| 題目: | The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage and Fear in the Cyber Age |
| 講演者: | David E. Sanger氏 （National security correspondent and senior writer of The New York Times） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 80名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット/ GraSPPリサーチセミナー |
| 概要: | The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage and Fear in the Cyber Age is the startling inside story of how the rise of cyber weapons transformed geopolitics like nothing since the invention of the atomic bomb. Cheap to acquire, easy to deny, and usable for a variety of malicious purposes—from crippling infrastructure to sowing discord and doubt—cyber is now the weapon of choice for democracies, dictators, and terrorists. Two presidents—Bush and Obama—drew first blood with Operation Olympic Games, which used malicious code to blow up Iran’s nuclear centrifuges, and yet America proved remarkably unprepared when its own weapons were stolen from its arsenal and, during President Trump’s first year, turned back on the US and its allies. The government was often paralyzed, unable to threaten the use of cyber weapons because America was so vulnerable to crippling attacks on its own networks of banks, utilities, and government agencies. Moving from the White House Situation Room to the dens of Chinese government hackers to the boardrooms of Silicon Valley, New York Times national security correspondent David Sanger—who broke the story of Olympic Games in his previous book—reveals a world coming face-to-face with the perils of technological revolution. The Perfect Weapon is the dramatic story of how great and small powers alike slipped into a new era of constant sabotage, misinformation, and fear, in which everyone is a target. |
SSUフォーラム / GraSPPリサーチセミナー:
Sheila Smith上級研究員（米国外交問題評議会） [2019.2.14]
| 日時: | 2019年2月14日（木）10:30–12:00 |
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| 場所: | 国際学術総合研究棟4F SMBCアカデミアホール |
| 題目: | トランプ時代におけるアメリカの同盟の運命 |
| 講演者: | Sheila Smith上級研究員（米国外交問題評議会） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 80名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット/ GraSPPリサーチセミナー |
| 概要: | Two years into the presidency of Donald J. Trump, U.S. foreign policy has undergone significant changes. Reversals on international agreements have left allies unsure of the durability of U.S. commitments. The Trump administration has often made foreign policy on impulse, whether unexpectedly agreeing to a meeting with Kim Jong-un, or pulling troops out of Syria. In Asia and globally, U.S. allies are in a difficult position, and it is possible the U.S. alliance system will emerge from the Trump era transformed. |
SSUフォーラム / GraSPPリサーチセミナー:
Mr. Peter van der Vliet(Director, Multilateral Organisations and Human Rights, オランダ外務省) and 岩井文男氏(前駐イラク日本国大使、内閣府国際平和協力本部事務局長) [2019.2.6]
| 日時: | 2019年2月6日（水）10:30–12:00 |
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| 場所: | 国際学術総合研究棟4F SMBCアカデミアホール |
| 題目: | "The Future of Peace Cooperation" |
| 講演者: | Peter van der Vliet (Director, Multilateral Organisations and Human Rights, オランダ外務省) 岩井文男 (前駐イラク日本国大使、内閣府国際平和協力本部事務局長) |
| コメンテーター: | 青井 千由紀 （東京大学公共政策大学院教授） |
| 司会者: | イー・クアン・ヘン （東京大学公共政策大学院教授） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 80名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット/ GraSPPリサーチセミナー |
| 概要: | Director Van der Vliet and Director-general Iwai will be discussing the future of international peace cooperation by drawing from their own extensive experience. How have peacekeeping missions evolved? What are the challenges of past and ongoing operations? And, more importantly, how can we learn from them? Using examples of recent operations, both speakers will shed their light on the question of how we can boost the effectiveness of international peace cooperation. How can we improve and reform the United Nations system and make multilateral cooperation in this field more sustainable?
|
| 講師プロフィール: | Peter van der Vliet has been Director for Multilateral Organisations and Human Rights of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since 2015. He is also Ambassador for the Sustainable Development Goals. Prior to his current appointment in The Hague, Peter served as the Dutch Deputy Permanent Representative to the UN in New York. Before this, he had several postings including as Deputy Head of Mission in Jordan, First Secretary in New Delhi and the Department for Security Policy Affairs. Peter joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1990. He studied political science and international relations at Erasmus University in Rotterdam. Peter is married with three children.
Fumio Iwai has been Director General of Secretariat of the International Peace Cooperation Headquarters of the Cabinet Office of Government of Japan since 2018. In prior to his current position in Tokyo, he was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Iraq. He has served for 34 years in foreign service, holding positions such as Deputy Director-General of Middle Eastern and African Affairs Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Deputy Consul-General of Japan in New York, and Minister and Deputy Chief of Mission of Embassy in Saudi Arabia. He studied law at Kyoto University. Fumio is married with three children. |
SSUフォーラム/第13回山川健次郎記念レクチャー/
GraSPPリサーチセミナー: Alexandre Debs准教授 [2018.12.19]
| 日時: | 2018年12月19日（水）12:45–14:15 |
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| 場所: | 国際学術総合研究棟4F SMBCアカデミアホール |
| 題目: | “The Strategic Causes of Nuclear Proliferation: Northeast Asia in Comparative Perspective” |
| 報告者: | Alexandre Debs 准教授(イエール大学政治学部） |
| コメンテーター: | 栗崎 周平 准教授 (早稲田大学政治経済学術院） |
| 司会者: | 樋渡 展洋 教授 (東京大学社会科学研究所） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 80名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット イェール大学・ウイットニ―＆ベッティ・マクラミラン国際地域研究所／東大友の会（FUTI） GraSPPリサーチセミナー |
| 概要: | This presentation introduces a strategic framework to understand the causes of proliferation, and the effectiveness of counterproliferation tools, placing Northeast Asia in comparative perspective. Acquiring nuclear weapons takes time and effort. Before a nuclear-weapons program comes to fruition, adversaries and allies may offer threats and assurances to prevent proliferation. The stronger is a potential proliferator, the more likely it is to succeed in its attempt to acquire nuclear weapons. Threats are most effective against weak potential proliferators, and assurances are most expedient when offered to strong potential proliferators. In Northeast Asia, threats of preventive war have been ineffective in preventing North Korea from acquiring nuclear weapons, given its ability to inflict severe damage on Seoul. Assurances have been crucial in getting South Korea and Japan to forgo nuclear weapons. Looking ahead, a coercive approach toward North Korea is unlikely to be effective, and questions about assurances offered to South Korea and Japan risk spurring their proliferation. |
第10回 五大学会議 2018 [2018.12.10]
| 日時: | 2018年12月7-8日（金） |
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| 場所: | シンガポール国立大学 リー クアンユースクール |
| 題目: | Prospects for Peace and Stability in the Asia-Pacific Region |
| 主催: | シンガポール国立大学 リー クアンユースクール |
第1回コペンハーゲンー東京IARU 国際関係会議[2018.11.23]
| 日時: | 2018年11月23日（金） |
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| 場所: | コペンハーゲン大学 Mærskタワー |
| 題目: | A Century of International Relations: The Politics of Crisis, Uncertainty, and Disorder |
| 共催: | コペンハーゲン大学／東京大学 |
第7回日韓対話 2018[2018.11.15]
| 日時: | 2018年11月10日（土） |
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| 場所: | ソウル大学 アジア研究センター 306会議室 |
| 題目: | 第7回日韓対話 2018 |
| 共催: | ソウル大学米中関係研究センター 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット(SSU) |
SSUフォーラム / GraSPPリサーチセミナー:
“Britain, Japan and the future of Asia-Pacific security”
Dr. David Ellis & Mr. James Hardy [2018.10.23]
| 日時: | 2018年10月23日（火）12:20–13:50 |
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| 場所: | 国際学術総合研究棟4F SMBCアカデミアホール |
| 題目: | “Britain, Japan and the future of Asia-Pacific security” |
| 報告者: | Dr. David Ellis, Minister and Deputy Head of Mission, British Embassy Tokyo Mr. James Hardy , Senior Research Analyst, Japan and East Asia, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, United Kingdom |
| コメンテーター: | 青井 千由紀（東京大学公共政策大学院教授） |
| 司会者: | イー・クアン・ヘン（東京大学公共政策大学院教授） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 80名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット／ GraSPPリサーチセミナー |
| 概要: | The Asia-Pacific region is increasingly viewed by the West as the next inevitable power-house, both in terms of military/security issues and economic prosperity. This seminar provides perspectives on current and emerging trends in UK-Japan relations and how the two countries view the future of Asia-Pacific security. The view of a practitioner at the British Embassy Tokyo is presented in combination with a macro-level analysis of regional trends from a UK perspective at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London. |
| 講師プロフィール: | Dr. David Ellis took on the role of Minister and Deputy Head of Mission on 1 August 2016. He is responsible for advancing UK-Japan relations on political and security issues. He also oversees the consular and visa operations as well the Embassy's corporate operations.
2011 – 2015 Minister-Counsellor (Political), British Embassy Beijing. Responsibilities included leading political teams covering Chinese domestic politics, human rights, and foreign and security policy. Mr.James Hardy is the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office’s senior research analyst on Japan and east Asian security affairs. Mr. Hardy focuses on regional security issues and arrangements, alliance networks, and military capabilities; he is also particularly interested in Japan’s evolving security and defence policies and its domestic political arrangements. Before joining the FCO, he worked as Asia-Pacific Editor for Jane’s Defence Weekly, and was a staff writer for The Yomiuri Shimbun in Tokyo. |
SSUフォーラム/ GraSPPリサーチセミナー:
朝鮮半島非核化と東アジア核軍縮 [2018.7.25]
| 日時: | 2018年7月25日（水）14:00–16:00 |
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| 場所: | 国際学術総合研究棟4F SMBCアカデミアホール |
| 題目: | 「朝鮮半島非核化と東アジア核軍縮」 |
| 報告者: | 阿部 信泰 (元国際連合事務次長（軍縮担当）） 戸崎 洋史（日本国際問題研究所、軍縮・不拡散促進センター主任研究員） 藤原 帰一（東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター 教授・センター長） |
| ディスカッサント: | 今西 靖治（外務省軍備管理軍縮課長） |
| 司会者: | 向 和歌奈（亜細亜大学国際関係学部講師） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 80名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット／ GraSPPリサーチセミナー |
| 概要: | 非核化について合意が結ばれました。ただ、非核化の具体的なプロセスについてはまだ細部が明らかとなってはおりません。それでは朝鮮半島非核化はどのように実現できるのか、さらにその非核化をどうすれば東アジアにおける核軍縮に結びつけることができるのか。広島県の委嘱によるひろしまラウンドテーブル事業の参加者を集めて議論したいと思います。 |
SSUフォーラム/GraSPPリサーチセミナー: Dr. Giulio Pugliese [2018.7.11]
| 日時: | 2018年7月11日（水）10:30–12:00 |
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| 場所: | 国際学術総合研究棟4F SMBCアカデミアホール |
| 講演: | Sino-Japanese Power Politics: Might, Money and Minds Giulio Pugliese, Lecturer, War Studies at King’s College London |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 40名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット／ GraSPPリサーチセミナー |
| 概要: | In recent years, China’s rapid emergence as a central actor in world politics has coincided with a more assertive and risk-taking foreign and security policy. Under Xi Jinping, especially, Beijing’s push to secure hotly contested territorial and maritime claims has ruffled the feathers of several regional states. The Japan-China standoff over the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands has unveiled the antagonistic quality to contemporary Sino-Japanese relations, with important additions to standard balancing behavior: economic statecraft and, notably, active engagement with government-led strategic communications. Under the Xi and Abe administrations, China and Japan have insisted on their moral position as benign and peaceful powers, and portrayed their neighbour as an aggressive revisionist. These strategic narratives, conveyed internationally and domestically, have cemented the two states’ rivalry.
Dr. Giulio Pugliese will give an account of Japan-China power politics in the military, economic and propaganda domains. His assessment of the diplomatic, economic and identity clash between the world’s second and third wealthiest states will provide a window in understanding the international politics in the early 21st Century. In particular, by highlighting great power rivalry, he offers his empirical findings in favour of the power politics behind Sino-Japanese identity construction. This talk will be multi-disciplinary in spirit and will speak to both academics and to members of the public who might be curious of understanding this fascinating —if worrisome— facet of Sino-Japanese relations. |
| 講師プロフィール: | Dr. Giulio Pugliese is Lecturer in War Studies at King’s College London. He holds a Laurea (B.A.) in Political Science and East Asian Studies from the University of Naples, “L’Orientale” (cum laude), an M.A. in International Economics and International Relations (concentrating on East Asian Studies) from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, and a PhD from the University of Cambridge. He specialises in the politics, both domestic and international, of the Asia-Pacific with a focus on Japan, China and the United States. In addition, he has worked in Japan for four years, including at the Mitsubishi Research Institute writing on arms export regulations for a study commissioned by Japan’s Ministry of Economics Trade and Industry (METI). He is a recipient of a three year post-doctoral fellowship by the British Academy. |
SSUフォーラム: Randall Henning 教授[2018.6.19]
| 日時: | 2018年6月19日（火）10:30–12:00 |
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| 場所: | 伊藤国際学術研究センター3F 中教室 |
| 講演: | "Tangled Governance: International Regime Complexity and Crisis Finance" Randall Henning（Professor, International Economic Relations in the School of International Service at American University) |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 40名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット |
| 概要: | Global governance now consists of clusters of overlapping international institutions, rather than a single multilateral institution, in a given issue area. The theory of regime complexity offers a useful lens through which to analyze the increasing density of international institutions and the patterns of conflict and cooperation among them. In his new book, Tangled Governance, Randall Henning addresses the institutions that were deployed to fight the euro crisis and reestablish financial stability in Europe. He explains why European leaders chose to include the International Monetary Fund in the crisis response and analyzes the decisions of the “troika” (which also includes the European Commission and European Central Bank). Regime complexity, he argues, arises from the strategies on the part of key states to control these institutions. The European case holds lessons for East Asia and in particular the likely interplay among regional financial institutions and the IMF, given the preferences of key creditor states.
参考資料 :Tangled Governance (Oxford 2017) |
| 講師プロフィール: | C. Randall Henning is Professor of International Economic Relations in the School of International Service at American University in Washington, D.C. He specializes in International Political Economy, Global Governance and regional integration, especially with respect to Europe and East Asia. Europe’s monetary union and interaction among regional and multilateral institutions are topics of special focus. His previous appointments include service as Visiting Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. The author of numerous books and journal articles, his recent publications include Tangled Governance (Oxford 2017) and Global Financial Governance Confronts the Rising Powers (CIGI 2016). |
SSUフォーラム/GraSPPリサーチセミナー: Dr. Neville Bolt[2018.6.1]
| 日時: | 2018年6月1日（金）10:30–12:00 |
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| 場所: | 国際学術総合研究棟4F 講義室B |
| 講演: | Images and Geopolitics: Impact of Iconic Photographs on the Liberal Conscience Dr. Neville Bolt（Director, King’s Centre for Strategic Communications (KCSC), King’s College London） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 40名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット／ GraSPPリサーチセミナー |
| 概要: | Millions of images circulate each day in the global mediaspace that connects social media to more traditional outlets like television and the press. Occasionally some acquire iconic status linking the local event to higher moral, perhaps universal sensitivities. Particular images have come to represent the way terror events are understood in the popular imagination. But are they not misleading? Do other, less performative images not point to a more subtle subversion? These reach into the very heart of geopolitics and threaten the liberal conscience. |
SSUフォーラム: Dr.Alexis Crow[2018.5.9]
| 日時: | 2018年5月9日（水）11:30–13:00 |
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| 場所: | 伊藤国際学術研究センター３F 中教室 |
| 講演: | The Connection between Wage Growth and Geopolitical Uncertainty: Underlying Causes, Potential Solutions, and Implications for Japan and its Asian Partners Dr. Alexis Crow（Lead Investment Strategist at Price Waterhouse Coopers in New York） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 40名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット |
| 概要: | With the rise of populism in advanced economies - from the UK’s vote to leave the European Union, to the election of Donald Trump - political commentators point to inequality and stagnant standard of living for the middle classes as potential causes. In this lecture, we will explore the relationship between stagnant wage growth and policy which leads to geopolitical uncertainty - having a potentially deleterious impact on trading partners such as Japan. In other advanced economies - such as Germany and Japan - flat wage growth has implications for economic security and livelihood in a time of the crisis, as consumer spending remains a relatively small % of GDP. In the event to a shock of a primary source of GDP - such as net exports - the economy may have a negligible buffer to continue generating economic growth. The case will be made that strengthening ties with newer partners - and ensuring resilience against a ‘Trump trade’ offset - is a meaningful path forward for Japan. Amplifying geostrategic links - even with erstwhile enemies - and deploying Japan’s exemplary prowess investing in social infrastructure - and large scale capital management - can be a backbone for a sound and strong policy for the long-term. To come back full circle, such a policy induces resilience in the face of stubbornly flat wage growth - and geopolitical uncertainty - in the US and Europe. |
SSUフォーラム: Peter J. Katzenstein 教授[2018.4.19]
| 日時: | 2018年4月19日（木）18:30–20:00 |
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| 場所: | 伊藤国際学術研究センター３F 特別会議室 |
| 講演: | Protean Power: Exploring the Uncertain and Unexpected in World Politics Peter J. Katzenstein 教授（コーネル大学） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 40名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット |
| 概要: | This lecture introduces the concept of “protean power” as the basis for a better analysis of unanticipated events in world politics. Protean power is the effect of actors’ agility as they adapt in situations of uncertainty. This definition departs from conventional definitions of power, which focus on actors’ evolving ability to exercise control in situations of calculable risk and their consequent ability to cause outcomes these actors deem desirable. I argue that this conventional view is overly confining; inclusion of protean power in our analytical models helps us to better account for unexpected change in world politics. Notably, actors respond to shifts between risk and uncertainty, in both context and experience, with affirmation, refusal, improvisation, or innovation. In doing so, they create room for control and protean power as effects, rather than causes, of such practices. However, protean power should not replace control power. These two basic forms of power relate to one another, in a variety of ways, in complex contexts characterized by both risk and uncertainty. |
SSUフォーラム/公共政策大学院リサーチセミナー/ 東大国際法研究会
Jack Snyder 教授 ＆ Leslie Vinjamuri 准教授[2018.3.16]
| 日時: | 2018年3月16日（金）10:30–12:00 |
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| 場所: | 伊藤国際学術研究センター3F 中教室 |
| 講演: | Human Rights Futures: Backlash and Beyond Jack Snyder 教授（コロンビア大学） Leslie Vinjamuri 准教授（ロンドン大学） |
| コメンテーター: | 横田洋三 氏（人権教育啓発推進センター 理事長） |
| モデレータ: | 青井千由紀 教授（東京大学公共政策大学院） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 40名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット/ 公共政策大学院リサーチセミナー/ 東大国際法研究会 |
| 概要: | The human rights enterprise is now under assault in a way that hasn’t been seen in years. Not only are rising authoritarian powers openly disdainful of rights principles, which they denounce as decadent and subversive, but powerful constituencies are undermining basic rights protections even in established liberal democracies. How should human rights advocacy and social justice campaigners take stock of these trends and adapt to this challenging environment? In this book launch seminar, Professor Jack Snyder (Columbia University) and Professor Leslie Vinjamuri (University of London) will discuss their new book Human Rights Futures, (edited by Stephen Hopgood, Jack Snyder, and Leslie Vinjamuri, with contributions from fifteen prominent social scientists including Sally Merry, Sam Moyn, Kathryn Sikkink, and Beth Simmons). The book debates the effectiveness and prospects for strategies of human rights advocacy. Four contending approaches will be discussed: stay the course, empower rights through political pragmatism, translate rights talk into the vernacular, and subordinate rights talk to more resonant social justice appeals. |
クレアモントマッケナ大学ケック国際戦略研究センター・東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット合同ワークショップを開催しました[2018.03.13]
| 日時: | 2018年03月13日（火）10:00–17:45 |
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| 場所: | 東京大学 法学部3号館801会議室 |
| 主題: | The Decline of the Western Liberal Order and Its Impact on East Asia |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 共催: | クレアモントマッケナ大学ケック国際戦略研究センター 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット(SSU) |
SSUフォーラム：James Crabtree 准教授[2018.3.2]
| 日時: | 2018年3月2日（金）11:30–13:00 |
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| 場所: | 伊藤国際学術研究センター３F 特別会議室 |
| 講演: | The Rise of the Indo-Pacific: Can India and Japan Shape the New Global Order? James Crabtree 准教授（シンガポール国立大学 リー・クアンユー公共政策学院） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 40名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット |
| 概要: | Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan and Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India have drawn closer of late, as both leaders grapple with the challenges of China's rise. At their last meeting in September 2017, Mr. Abe said stronger ties between the two Asian nations could become the "basis to underpin the regional order”. Both have also pushed the idea of the "indo-pacific", while unveiling their own plan to rival the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative: the $40bn Asia-Africa Growth Corridor. But given their respective economic and military limitations, can a new partnership between India and Japan really shape a changing global order? And what would it need in terms of political will and economic resources to succeed? |
SSUフォーラム：田中 均 客員教授[2018.02.16]
| 日時: | 2018年2月16日（金）10:30–12:00 |
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| 場所: | 国際学術総合研究棟4F 講義室B |
| 講演: | 「脅威認識と外交安全保障政策」 田中 均 客員教授（東京大学公共政策大学院、㈱日本総合研究所 国際戦略研究所理事長、(公財)日本国際交流センターシニア・フェロー） |
| 言語: | 英語 |
| 定員: | 40名 |
| 主催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット |
| 共催: | 東京大学政策ビジョン研究センター安全保障研究ユニット、東京大学公共政策大学院リサーチセミナー，東京大学国際法研究会 |
| 概要: | 日本の脅威認識はどう変化してきたのか。北朝鮮核ミサイル問題をきっかけに軍事衝突が起こる蓋然性をどう評価するのか。中国は習近平総書記の政治報告で2049年に向けて社会主義現代化強国となることを鮮明にしたが、日本への脅威と認識すべきか。中東でスンニ・シーアの争いが激化するとすれば日本へのリスクをどう評価するか。このように日本を取り巻く地政学リスクは拡大しているが、これに応える日本の外交安保政策はどうあるべきか。 |